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CEKSY_ekqAutoList11.(A)1.1.1.1.1.1.( $     W J&$  A&&XAXG&&&A&Ԁ  6    0  G9&G&Source:JimHester,USAIDsAgencyEnvironmentalCoordinator(AEC),May14,1998emailtoCharlotte  Bingham,REDSO/ESAREO. r T!   _A9XAXo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo30  Thinkofnegativeandpositiveinmedicalterms.Forexample,anegativetuberculosistestindicatesthatyoudo  nothavethedisease. T!   _A9XAX4  ThepersoninchargeofapplicationofReg.216forUSAID.AX$.XA9  dQQQQ'dxd d Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2$ T!   ($     ((3$ T!   TWUVRSC<< c W"   oXXXAX  #AX$.XXoX'#XXXAX$.Box2.2.CategoricalExclusionsandExceptionsRequiringFurther  МEnvironmentalDecisionMaking-TheExampleofHealthFacilitiesFӀ#AX$.XXXz#   A&&XAX$.YoushouldkeepinmindthatclassifyingactivitiesunderCategoricalExclusionswithoutadequately  consideringpotentialenvironmentaleffectscancontributetoenvironmentallyunsounddesignandimplementation.Forexample,theCEforhealthrelatedprogramsisbasedonReg.216.2(c)(2)(viii)for̀"[p]rogramsinvolvingnutrition,healthcareorpopulationandfamilyplanningservicesexcepttotheextentdesignedtoincludeactivitiesdirectlyaffectingtheenvironment(suchasconstructionoffacilities,watersupplysystems,wastewatertreatment,etc.)"̀̀The"exceptclausecoverscircumstanceswhenaCEwillnotdo,suchasconstruction,buttheremaybeothers,forexample,generationanddisposalofmedicalwaste,includingsharpsfromimmunizationsprograms,orlaboratorywastes,pesticideimpregnatedbednetsformalariacontrol,etc.̀̀ThusitisimportanttolookbeyondtheinitialCEclassificationyoumaygiveanactivitytodeterminewhethertherearepotentialeffectsthatmayrequiremitigationormonitoring.̀̀Formoreonhealthwasteissues(whicharecommoninmanyTitleIIhealthrelatedprograms),CSsshouldconsultHealthcareWasteManagement:AWHOhandbookforthesafehandling,treatmentand TT disposalofwastes(WHOdraftSeptember1977).Thereisalsomoreinformationavailablefromthe ,, healthimpactassessmentsectionoftheInternationalAssociationofImpactAssessment.ContactthefollowingaddressontheInternettojointheirlistserver: http\\iaia.ext.nodak.edu/iaia/listserv.html .  ThisandrelateddocumentsareonfilewithFAM'sFoodSecurityResourceCenterandarereferencedinAnnexH.2.Youarealsoencouragedtoseekadvice,whenappropriate,fromyourMEO,REO(whereavailable),oryourgeographicorBHRBEO.ConsulttheBHRBEOortheGeographicBEOforupdatesonthisinformationandanyProgrammaticEnvironmentalAssessmentsonmedicalwasteorpesticide-impregnatedbednets.̀  Ї̀#AX$.X&A&#,cAZ"Arial Regular ) T!   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  A9XAX5  AllitalicizedtextinthissectionisdirectlyquotedfromReg.216.Table_A d ) T!   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  A9XAX6  AllitalicizedtextinthissectionisdirectlyquotedfromReg.216.  T!   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  A9XAX70  Inthisparticularinstancetheterm significantisdefinedaccordingtotheU.S.CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality  regulations,becauseitappliestoeffectsontheU.S.oroutsideanationsjurisdiction.WheneffectsarelimitedtocountriesoutsidetheU.S.thewordsignificantisdefinedascausingsignificantharmtotheenvironment.ShouldyouhaveanactivitythatmighthavesignificanteffectsontheU.S.orthatisoutsideanationsjurisdiction,consultthe_BEO_. daaaa'dxd i W"   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoX$.XXAXo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  XXXX$.  Box2.4EndangeredandThreatenedSpecies:WhatisCITES? c X$.XXX  sZXX$.  -sZo[,XF` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo C"0  CITESistheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofwildanimalsandplants.pp  C"0  CITESbeganinthemid1970swith139memberstatesassignatories.HHpp  C"0  CITESisaglobalalliancewhosefocusistheprotectionofplantsandanimalsthatotherwisecouldbe  overexploitedbyunregulatedinternationaltrade. pp  WhataretheAppendicesofCITES?   TheUNsponsoredaconferenceinSwedenin1972torecognizetheneedforfocusedinternationaleffortstoconservewildlife.Atreatyevolvedfromthisconferencewhichwasdesignedtocontroltheinternationaltradeinspeciesthateitherwerethreatenedwithextinctionorcouldbecomethreatenedwithextinction.Threeappendiceswerecreated: AppendixI. Speciesinwhichcommercialtradeisprohibited.Examples:redpanda,goldencappedfruit T T  batand_Arowana_Ԁfreshwaterfish.    AppendixII .Speciesinwhichtradeisstrictlyregulatedtoavoidjeopardizingspeciessurvival.Examples:   Nilecrocodile,minkewhaleandleopardcat. AppendixIII. SpeciesidentifiedbyindividualCITESpartiesassubjecttodomesticregulationstorestrictor 4 4  preventexploitation.Examples:goldenjackal,walrusandlittleegret.    WhatistheRedList?  XX TheRedLististhemostcomprehensiveinventoryofthreatenedspeciesandsubspeciesonaglobalscale.The _IUCN_ԀRedListofThreatenedAnimalsiscompiledbytheSpeciesSurvivalCommission(_SSC_)of_IUCN_,whichhasmorethan6,000members. List1ThreatenedSpecies   AnimalsinthiscategoryarelistedasCriticallyEndangered(CR),Endangered(EN),orVulnerable(VU).  Examples:Africanwilddog(EN),blackrhino(CR),andcheetah(VU). LL  List2LowerRisk:ConservationDependent   Animalsinthiscategoryarethesubjectofatargetedconservationprogram.  Examples:minkewhale,spottedhyenaandwhiterhinoceros. pp  List3LowerRisk: NearThreatened  ((  Examples:Colobusmonkey,white_rumped_Ԁvulture,andshoebill. !  List4ExtinctandExtinctintheWild  " Examples:dodo,Vietnamwartypig,andpigfootedbandicoot. PP#  WhatistheU.S.response?  %  C"0  TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973requiresallFederalagenciestoundertakeprogramsforthe ((' conservationofendangeredandthreatenedspecies,andprohibitstheauthorizing,funding,orcarryingoutanyactionthatwouldjeopardizealistedspeciesordestroyormodifyits criticalhabitat.EnforcementauthorityrestswiththeU.S.Fish&WildlifeService.ForinformationbyWorldwideWebcheck:< http://www.fws.gov/~r9endspp/endspp.html >.+pp  C"0  Broadprohibitionsagainsttakingofwildlifeareappliedtoalldomesticandinternationalendangered h h - animalspecies,whichcouldapplytothreatenedanimalsbyspecialregulation. pp  C"0  UndertheAct,authoritywasprovidedtoacquirelandforanimalsandplantslistedunderCITES.|-""0pp  C"0  %$|The1998ForeignOperationsAppropriationsAct(_P.L._Ԁ105118)prohibitstheuseofdevelopmentassistance ##2 fundsforanyactivitywhichis incontraventionto...CITES.|$% Z T!   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoӀA9XAXA&&A9Ԁ  9  o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo#A9&A&#0  Reg.216permitsonetoprepareanEA,iftheactivitiesareclearlytobegivenapositivedetermination,  withoutpreparingan_IEE_Ԁfirst,butthis_EDG_Ԁrecommendsthatyoupreparethe_IEE_ԀasaprecursortoanEA.Section4.3describeswhattodoifan_IEE_Ԁleadstoapositivedetermination.QQ' dxd  T!   _A&&XAXG&&&A&o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoӀ  10  0  G9&G&A9G9Andthusare categoricallyincludedbecausetheseactivitiesareidentifiedinspecificregulatorylanguageas  requiringfurtherscrutiny,andpossiblyanEA. W"   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoZXXXAX   Box2.2.SynopsisofCommonTitleIIDevelopmentActivities  thatMayRequireanEAZ|XZX      h|Z|FoodaideddevelopmentactivitiescouldwellinvokeanEAiftheyinvolvethesortsofactionslistedin  Section2.2.4.Specifically,categoriesoffoodaidedactivitiesthatwillrequireanIEEandcouldtriggeranEAinclude: C"0 X  roadrehabilitationandconstructionXpXp  C"0 X  damconstruction,riverdiversionhhXpXp  C"0 X  developmentofirrigationperimeters(( XpXp  C"0 X  pesticideuse:agricultural,medical,veterinary XpXp  C"0 X  largescaleprogramofpotablewaterandsewerage XpXp  C"0 X  landlevelingorextensiveterracingandbundingh h XpXp  C"0 X  exoticspeciesintroduction,ifaprotectedareacouldbeaffected( ( XpXp BecausePVOactivitiesaretypicallysmallinscale,anddonotinvolvenewlandsdevelopment,theexamplescitedabovemaynottriggeranEA.Therefore,ifyouthinkyoumayhavetodoanEA,firstcompleteanIEEontheproposedactivity.Thus,youshouldprepareanIEEevenifyouhaveactivitiesincludedinthislist(ofclassesofactionsnormallyhavingasignificanteffectontheenvironment,soyoucanprovideinformationonthescale,scope,andmagnitudeoftheactivities.Theruletoapplyisthat when  activitiesincludeclassesofactionsnormallyhavinganeffectontheenvironment,theCSwillfirstdoanIEE . (( Nodefinitivestandardsorwrittencriteriaexisttodistinguish smallscalefrom largescaleand nonsignificantfrom significant.ItistheroleoftheIEEtomakethecaseforathresholddecision.CommunicationwiththeMEOandBEOisadvisedtohelpthePVOusetheIEEasameansofexplainingwhetheranEAisneededornot.AnEAmayfollowasanoutcomeofthethresholddecisionintheIEE,butislikelytoberelativelyrareforthemajorityoftheCSsactivities.Z|h|  A9Z|,) AZ"Arial Regular q T!   _GX$.XXAXo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoG9XGX$.100  Useisinterpretedbroadlyby_USAID_,toincludeA9G9directorindirectsupporttoactualusesuchasG9A9Ԁtransport,  provisionoffuelfortransport,storageordisposal,etc.(i.e.,cradletograve).GX$.XG9AX$.XXGX$.  CEMU]emu}AutoList7(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) CEMU]emu}AutoList9(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)  dllll'dxd IKOSW[_cgDiamond Bull````````0M A<Arial Rounded MT Bold Bold  W"   _XXXAXo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo    Box2.1.MainTypesofReg.216EnvironmentalDecisions"ataGlance  (RefertoFigure2.1)    |XXr^,X hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<Xr0 , Exemption ,p,p 0 , CategoricalExclusion hh,p,p 0 , Thresholddecisions ((,p,p  , 0 X NoSignificant(Adverse)Effect(orImpact)"IEEneededXpXp  ,  X E`0   NegativeDetermination pp  ,  X   0  WithoutConditionspp>ppp ll  ,  X   0  WithConditions,, pp  , 0 X Significant(Adverse)Effect"IEEnotnecessarilyneeded(butrecommendedbythisEDG) XpXp  ,  X E`0   PositiveDetermination pp  ,  X   0  EnvironmentalAssessmentp p pp  ,  X   0  ProgrammaticEnvironmentalAssessment  0pp0 0 pp 0 , Deferral  ,p,p x[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A, XxXX|X$.XXX!"#$%&'( CEKQW]cioAutoList51.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Table_B&0 d d1 dTable_C t    \R3'Letter Landscape\'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5("$ Figure    zU{yA<< CWPC: j: j!: j4 &`2 &&TNPPb=Pu & TNPP &&TNPP  ` j: "---  :`Times New Roman-. Times New Roman!-. &TNPP &--"Systemn-WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerPowerPoint.Slide.7dࡱ> 0  !"#$%&')*+,-./Root Entryq{;Q ;&@Ole 9Header9CompObju )F! WPWin61[0]Microsoft (R) PowerPoint (R) Windows _ q{;QMicrosoft PowerPoint SlideMSPresentationPowerPoint.Slide.79qgg1%2 &`2 &&TNPPb=Pu & TNPP &&TNBOlePartOlePres000ZText_ContentSummaryInformation(PP  ` j: "---  :`Times New Roman-. Times New Roman!-. &TNPP &--"Systemn- Oh+'0L `h  No Slide TitleUser B. FriendlyUser B. Friendly2Microsoft PowerPoint@`ӕ@J@ =YG21% &`2 &&TNPPb=Pu & TNPP &&TNPP  ` j: "--  :`Times New Roman]-. Times New Roman)-. &TNPP &--"Systemn- (#(#  0    (d)  CARE/Peruwillensurethatproperreclamation(i.e.,landscapingandreplanting)isundertakenatall !L' areasusedtoobtainconstructionmaterials(i.e.,gravel/soilandrock)fortheroadrehabilitation; (#(# (e)  Reconstructionwillminimizetheuseofheavyequipment; |#) 0   (f)  CARE/Peruwillfollowexistingroadwaysexceptwhereitmaybejustifiedtomodifyroadwayroutes <$* slightlyinorderto:1)achieveamoredirectroutebetweentwopoints(i.e.,tominimizeunnecessarycurvesorslightlyalignthedirection)intheinterestofnaturalresources/energyefficiency);and2)avoidenvironmentallysignificantareas(i.e.,wetlands,waterbodiesandforestlands);and󀀀|&!-(#(# (g)  CARE/Peruwillstrictlycomplywithexistingnormsforroadandpathwayrehabilitation. @'". Finally,CARE/PeruwillprepareaMonitoringandEvaluationplanforthisactivitytotrackandmeasureimpactsofmitigationsemployed.USAIDBureauforAfrica,'EnvironmentalGuidelinesforSmallScaleActivitiesinAfrica,'TechnicalPaperNo.18,June1996,pp.4346,shouldbereviewedforapplicability." @*%2 (11)  InformationSystemonMarketSituations/PricesofHarvestedProduce(Component5.2).This +'4 componentsupportstheinstallationandfunctionofaninformationsystemdesignedtodisseminatemarketand ,'5 pricedatawiththepurposeofinformingparticipantfarmersonthemostappropriateharvestperiod,citiesandparticulardaysaswellassalesconditionsthatfavorhigherpricesforharvestedcommoditiestobenefitpoorproducerfamilies.Inthisway,traininginmarketingandproductionwillteachpoorfarmersbasicprinciplesoffarmmanagementandeconomicssothatsounddecisionsonproductionstrategiescanbemadetoincreasenetfarmincome. RecommendedEnvironmentalThresholdDecision(Component5.2): Thisactivityqualifiesfora 0   categoricalexclusion under22CFR216.2(c)(2)(v)astheactionssupportedunderthisactivitywillnotpose  @ asignificanteffectontheenvironmentsinceitentails"[d]ocumentandinformationtransfers."(12)  PL480FoodCommoditiesDistribution(Component6.0).TitleIIfundingrequestedthusfarisshown 0   below:  FY96 `  $ $$8.9million     FY97 `   # #$9.0million p    FY98 ` ! !" "$9.1million 0  Thus,thevolumeoffood(crudevegetableoil)fordirectdistributioninFY98hasbeenreducedfrom17.0ktonnesto12.2ktonnes.%%ThemoPowerPoint Document(  0DocumentSummaryInformation8 (PersistentStorage Directory8>//,b3P:f4( T 4 @`@T 4  @@``@T 4@`0@L <Times New RomanL <"Arial$)B* ̂,,,,Z,Pdddddd5dddd̂ ZPdddddd5dddd̂    Z Pdddddd5dddd̂ZPdddddd5dddd̂ZPdddddd5dddd̂ZP5̂ZP5̂ZP5̂ZP5   (u 800t:nPbD$42dd35//0011 @ p H./04x$̙33  (@ pv 8v00b X  b (3Pp0 v 8v00bt:nPbD$MV 42d0d3,5//0011  b (3P pv 8v00bt:nPbD$Z=S42d0d3 5//0011 @ pb$7̙33$73$73333f$7999MMM$7f$7f3$73 H./04x$̙33  (@ pu 8v00b  \ b (3Pp v 8v00b:nPb$-V , 5Click to edit Master title style</,/ u,bX0H0 4udd(11 u 2 b (3Ppp v 8v00b:nPbZ$DV sR5Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level//! v b  vb  vb vbx0h0!4 vdd 4 vdd 4 vdd 4 vdd 4 vdd(11R v = b (3Pp v 8v00b:nPbe$@  5*</,/ vbX0H04 vdd(11 v = b (3Ppv 8v00b:nPbe$@ V 5*</,/ vbX0H04 vdd(11 v = b (3P v 8v00b:nPbe$@ V  5*</,/vbX0H04vdd(11v D _VBA_PROJECT041d1deded: jfv$de,՜.+,0d `h  On-screen Show/ ArialTimes New RomanDefault DesignNo Slide Title  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titlesandrehabilitationoftertiaryaccessroadsandpathways.&&Outof1,740communities,1,142(51,390households)willhavecompletedthefouryearprojectcyclebytheendofFY2000. RecommendedEnvironmentalThresholdDecision(Component6.0):(( ))Thisprogramqualifiesfora   categoricalexclusion under22CFR216.2(c)(1)(i)asthe"actiondoesnothaveaneffectonthenaturalor p physicalenvironment."   3.2**(b)++, ` ,NINOSProject   NINOSisdesignedasanutritionaleducationprojectwhoseFY2000objectiveistoimprovethenutritional 0 statusof12,600childrenunderfiveinextremelypovertystrickencommunitiesinPiura,Puno,AncashandCajamarcaDepartments.--Tothisend,theprojectwilla)conductintensivetrainingof6,820mothersregardingnutritionandmaternal/infanthealth;b)developandoperateanutritionalandhealthsurveillancesystem;c)installfamilyandcommunitylatrines;d)createincomegenerationactivitiesmanagedbywomen'sorgani/.-./zations;ande)lendsupporttocommunityinfrastructure.(1)223  3Training.Thiscomponentinvolvestwosubactivities:a)bimonthlygroupeducationalmeetingswith p % mothers,withschoolagechildren,andwithhealthpromoters;andb)periodichouseholdvisitsforreinforcementandverificationofacquiredknowledge. RecommendedEnvironmentalThresholdDecision(TrainingComponent): Thiscomponentqualifiesfor p#) a categoricalexclusion under22CFR216.2(c)(2)(i)astheactionssupportedunderthisactivitywillnothave 0$* asignificanteffectontheenvironmentas"[e]ducation,technicalassistance,ortrainingprogramsexcepttotheextentsuchprogramsincludeactivitiesdirectlyaffectingtheenvironment(suchasconstructionoffacilities,etc.)"representtypesofactivitiesgenerallyexcludedfromfurtherenvironmentalreview.(2)NutritionalandHealthSurveillance.Thisactivitycoversperiodicevaluationofthehealthandnutritionstatus '@#/ ofchildrenunderfiveandentailstwosubactivities:a)biweeklyweightandheightdeterminationstoinformmothersoftheirchildren'snutritionalstatus;andb)periodichomevisitstodetect/controlprevalentchildhooddiseases. RecommendedEnvironmentalThresholdDecision(NutritionalandHealthSurveillanceComponent):  +'4 Thiscomponentqualifiesfora categoricalexclusion under22CFR216.2(c)(2)(viii)astheactionssupported p,'5 underthisactivitycomprise"[p]rogramsinvolvingnutrition,healthcareorpopulationandfamilyplanningservicesexcepttotheextentdesignedtoincludeactivitiesdirectlyaffectingtheenvironment(suchasconstructionoffacilities,watersupplysystems,waster(sic)watertreatment,etc.)"representtypesofactivitiesgenerallyexcludedfromfurtherenvironmentalreview.(3)IncomeGeneration.Thiscomponentconsistsofgrantingwomen'sorganizationsloansintheformof 0  revolvingfunds(RFLs).Eachparticipatinggroupgrantsindividualloanstogroupmembers.Also,theprojectprovidestrainingrelatingtothemanagementofthefundsandtechnicalskills. RecommendedEnvironmentalThresholdDecision(IncomeGenerationComponent): Thiscomponent 0   qualifiesfora categoricalexclusion under22CFR216.2(c)(2)(x)PowerPoint Document METAFILEPICT1:1% &`2 &&TNPPb=Pu & TNPP &&TNPP  ` j: "---  :`Times New Roman-. 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XpXp 6. 0 X TurntotheFrequentlyAskedQuestions(Section5)foranswerstoquestionsthatothers  haveencounteredinstartingtheenvironmentaldocumentationprocess.&%&|&%&%&&XpXp  XX%&&X$.XXXUy I&mage <=8C HKKKKLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5( $ Figure  2  ,  AZ"Arial Regular i W"   _o[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXoX$.XXAXo[X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo  XXXX$.  Box2.3EndangeredandThreatenedSpecies:WhatisCITES? c X$.XXX  sZXX$.  -sZo[,XF` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXo C"0  CITESistheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofwildanimalsandplants.pp  C"0  CITESbeganinthemid1970swith139memberstatesassignatories.HHpp  C"0  CITESisaglobalalliancewhosefocusistheprotectionofplantsandanimalsthatotherwisecouldbe  overexploitedbyunregulatedinternationaltrade. pp  WhataretheAppendicesofCITES?   TheUNsponsoredaconferenceinSwedenin1972torecognizetheneedforfocusedinternationaleffortstoconservewildlife.Atreatyevolvedfromthisconferencewhichwasdesignedtocontroltheinternationaltradeinspeciesthateitherwerethreatenedwithextinctionorcouldbecomethreatenedwithextinction.Threeappendiceswerecreated: AppendixI. Speciesinwhichcommercialtradeisprohibited.Examples:redpanda,goldencappedfruit T T  batand_Arowana_Ԁfreshwaterfish.    AppendixII .Speciesinwhichtradeisstrictlyregulatedtoavoidjeopardizingspeciessurvival.Examples:   Nilecrocodile,minkewhaleandleopardcat. AppendixIII. SpeciesidentifiedbyindividualCITESpartiesassubjecttodomesticregulationstorestrictor 4 4  preventexploitation.Examples:goldenjackal,walrusandlittleegret.    WhatistheRedList?  XX TheRedLististhemostcomprehensiveinventoryofthreatenedspeciesandsubspeciesonaglobalscale.The _IUCN_ԀRedListofThreatenedAnimalsiscompiledbytheSpeciesSurvivalCommission(_SSC_)of_IUCN_,whichhasmorethan6,000members. List1ThreatenedSpecies   AnimalsinthiscategoryarelistedasCriticallyEndangered(CR),Endangered(EN),orVulnerable(VU).  Examples:Africanwilddog(EN),blackrhino(CR),andcheetah(VU). LL  List2LowerRisk:ConservationDependent   Animalsinthiscategoryarethesubjectofatargetedconservationprogram.  Examples:minkewhale,spottedhyenaandwhiterhinoceros. pp  List3LowerRisk: NearThreatened  ((  Examples:Colobusmonkey,white_rumped_Ԁvulture,andshoebill. !  List4ExtinctandExtinctintheWild  " Examples:dodo,Vietnamwartypig,andpigfootedbandicoot. 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